Reading Approaches of Bottom-up and Top-down Essay

Reading Approaches of Bottom-up and Top-down The main two approaches to reading, top-down and bottom-up have produced a great debate towards which is the best approach to teach children to read. Top down reading is also known as the whole language approach in which the meaning of the text relies upon the reader’s background knowledge and his/her use of prediction to anticipate the meaning of the text. (http://www.sedl.org/reading/topics/balanced.html [23.10.01]). The bottom-up approach to reading involves the use of phonics and the decoding of text, word by word after which meaning and understanding will follow (http://www.sedl.org/reading/topics/balanced.html [23.10.01]). Phonics is†¦show more content†¦Let us first examine the positive contributions and limitations of each approach. Goodman, (1971) a top-down theorist, describes reading as a pscholinguistic guessing game (p.135) and he stresses that readers benefit by making predictions from their knowledge to understand their reading (Goodman, 1973 in Carrell, 1988a) (http://langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt/99/jan/frehan.html [16.10.01]). Paul Abraham, in his article Field Notes states that the bottom-up approach in comparison does not recognise what students can contribute to the reading material. (http://www.sabes.org/f02abrah.htm [16.10.01]) Padraic Frehan of the British Council English school of Tokyo comments that the bottom-up approach reveals problems like fragmentation of words and overload of memory due to keeping a lot of separate bits of information in the mind without any higher order connection between the separate pieces of information (Carrell, 1988b) (http://langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt/99/jan/frehan.html [16.10.01]). This shows that the bottom-up approach has limitations but let us observe how this approach can benefit children’s reading. Phonics can be applied to using rhymes which is a way of developing phonological awareness (â€Å"theShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Evaluation Policy Evaluation816 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization lack when engaging in evaluation is transparency of evaluation policies. By not disclosing their evaluation policies it can not be replicated or understood by new organization members. In addition, creates a way for organizations to make up policies without getting feedback about evaluation best practices. Trochim (2009) noted that evaluation policies are important to communicate mechanism on what evaluation should be done, what resources expended and how they they should be accomplishedRead MoreThe Top Down Approach And The Bottom Up Approach1236 Words   |  5 Pagessemester we have read several articles and chapters with the reoccurring theme of the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. We were initial ly introduced to the approaches through the articles How Does it Work? Policy Implementation (Smith Larimar, 2009), Implementing Public Policy (Hill Hupe, 2002) and Implementation and Public Policy chapter 2 (Mazmanian Sabatier, 1983). According to the readings, the top-down model starts with a policy decision and examine the extent to which its legallyRead MoreReading Models Are Vital For Twenty First Century Classrooms Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesReading models are vital to twenty first centaury classrooms, as they become an important tool for teachers, that are teaching their students reading as well as writing(Goodman,1997).Reading ultimately becomes an interaction between what a reader has learnt, and the information that is already in the text. This essay will be touching on the top down approach to reading, and how this is a vital tool to twenty first century classrooms. All the while showing how this is used in classroom practice. Read MoreAnalysis Of Alfred Binet And Lewis Terman On Intelligence Testing1696 Words   |  7 Pages1. When comparing Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman on their approaches to intelligence testing there are some similarities amongst the two. One such similarity would be regarding content. Alfred Binet’s approach to intelligence testing consisted of tests that ranged in difficulty levels from easy to hard. These tests required one to demonstrate his or her own cognitive ability, decision making, and verbal skills. Lewis Terman’s approach to intelligence testing was an updated version of Binet’s. TermanRead MoreA Review on Reading Theories and Its Implication to the Teaching of Reading5137 Words   |  21 PagesA REVIEW ON READING THEORIES AND IT’S IMPLICATION TO THE TEACHING OF READING Parlindungan Pardede Universitas Kristen Indonesia Abstract Opini dan masukan untuk peningkatan pengajaran membaca kepada pembelajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing, baik yang didasarkan pada hasil penelitian maupun pengalaman, tersedia sangat banyak dalam kepustakaan pengajaran bahasa. Tulisan ini merupakan sebuah rangkuman atas berbagai teori, temuan dan pendapat tentang pengajaran membaca. Pemahaman terhadap topik-topikRead MoreEducator Application Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagessetting), I taught vocabulary, grammar, reading skills, and structures of essays through readings deriving from the news, articles in magazines, short fiction and non-fiction, and models of essays. In order to effectively teach them, I selected the content of reading materials that were relevant to their English levels and lives so they were able to utilize their prior knowledge to assist them in understanding the texts and be motivated during their reading process. During teaching, I employed theRead MoreSupporting Literacy for All Children1014 Words   |  5 Pages There are many theories surrounding education and what lies within our biological functions that can effect how we learn as human beings. Our book, Creating Literacy Instruction For All Students, by Thomas Gunning goes more in depth of these approaches and theories. Behaviorism is a theory that â€Å"stresses observable responses to stimuli†. This approach includes conditioning good behaviors and eliminating unwanted behaviors (Gunning, 4). Another major theory surrounding learning is cognitivism,Read MoreActions of Living Changes Heart Rate Essay603 Words   |  3 Pagesmammals, specifically whales and other diving marine mammals have the ability to induce a mechanism called Bradycardia, intentionally slowing their heart rate down during a dive. The decrease of heart rate is beneficial because the heart is pumping slower, working less, and consuming less oxygen during the dive. When the mammal approaches the surface it induces anticipatory tachycardia to raise the heart rat e back to normal levels. (University of Miami 2013) A heart rate is the frequency of yourRead MoreFive Key Ideas About Quality Assessment1068 Words   |  5 Pagesquality assessment measures. The following paper identifies five key aspects of what constitutes quality assessment. We are reminded that the goal of testing is in ‘building proficiency in basic skills, closing achievement gaps, and fostering the top notch knowledge and skills that students will need in a competitive global society’ (Scherer, 2009, p. 5). Therefore, standardised tests alone are not an adequate benchmark in determining a student’s ability to learn. McMillan (2007) emphasises theRead MoreA Brief History of Time Summary Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed by a cone. The top of the cone represents the future path of light, the bottom half of the cone represents the past path of the light, while the central vertex represents the actual light. In the third chapter, Hawking takes upon the continuous and accelerated expansion of the universe. In order to prove this, he uses the â€Å"Doppler shift† which is almost identical to the Doppler Effect. In sound, the Doppler Effect creates an increasingly louder sound as the event approaches us, and then as the

Abraham Lincoln Civil War - 2003 Words

AP Language, period 1 Kaitlyn Vallance SOAPSTONE CHART -The Gettysburg Address 30 August 2010 SPEAKER | Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States of America and he help office during the Civil War. During the Civil War, the North and South split into two sides – the Union in the north led by president Lincoln and the Confederacy in the south led by president Davis. Originally, the Civil War was not an attempt by Lincoln to abolish slavery and emancipate the slaves, but to preserve and protect the Union, but later Lincoln decided that ending slavery was a key step necessary to winning the war. He was assassinated on April 15, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth. | OCCASION | Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg†¦show more content†¦However, the grieving families and surviving soldiers felt none of this bolstered morale and so the president not only aimed at addressing the tragic loss of the soldiers, but also remind the families and others in the Union that they had lost their lives for a greater good. He tells the citizens that they ar e not fighting solely to preserve the Union, but also to unite the nation and allow for greater freedom throughout the country. As a result of Lincolns passionate final words and his declaration of the preservation of democracy in the country, the grieving families and disheartened common men were rejuvenated and rallied behind this new cause. AP Language, period 1 Kaitlyn Vallance The Gettysburg Address Tripod Questions 30 August 2010 The tone of this speech was prideful and convicted. Abraham Lincoln describes the soldiers as â€Å"brave† and that they have honored the land their bodies had been strewn upon far more than the men who dug their graves and create a national cemetery had. His pride in his men is most evident when he states that they must dedicate their time to finishing the war the soldiers had â€Å"so nobly advanced.† He also shows a sense of conviction, and tries to persuade the audience that it is imperative they win the war so that â€Å"these dead shall not have died in vain† and that they ensure â€Å"that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom†. He is trying to convince his audience that the only way to ensureShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history, and the impact was felt on many levels. Various estimates put the deaths during the Civil War a t between 600,000 and 700,000. The last figure is the result of better research of existing death records and casualty lists (Isenhour). In order to understand the complexity of the Civil War, one must understand Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 (History 1). He was elected as the 16th president (History 1). AfterRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages Out of the first sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln was the first president who created foundation about ending slaves in America via his Emancipation of Proclamation. Lincoln was also a strong supporter for Homestead Act and The Pacific Railway Act, which became an essential law for American economics. Furthermore, 13th Amendment was Lincoln top priority in legislation after he was reelected as the President. President Abraham Lincoln truly became one of the greatest presidents via these achievementsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 Pages1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. Lincoln directly told the South In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it. Lincoln wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1183 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Lizzy Cook HIS 103 17 November 2015 Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, the Civil War had been going on for two years. UNION VICTORIES The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on September 22, 1862, but it did not take effect until January 1, 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). This took place during the Civil War, which was fought between the Union States and the Confederate States of America. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves, becauseRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War944 Words   |  4 PagesIn the mid-1800s, in the second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln identified the civil war as religious war: it is a will of God. He stated, God â€Å"gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe†; therefore, â€Å"with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in† (Lincoln). Opposite to Douglas ideas that slavery is natural, secular, and constitutional right, Lincoln asserted anti-slavery, linked to Evangelical ProtestantismRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Civil War was a war between the union, and confederate states in the United States that occurred from 1861-1865. Many people believed that the Civil War was about slavery and southern states right to defend their states’ rights. The confederates were fighting for their liberty and independence under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, who they felt was a tyrant. However, the union, was fighting to preserve their territory, that was created by their founding fathers from chaos andRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1758 Words   |  8 Pagesresource (http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-lincoln-dies) Abraham Lincoln our 16th president of the Unite States of America was fatally shot on April 14, 1865 in the back of the head in the Presidential box at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. but, actually passed away at 7:22 a.m. the next day. Lincoln was taken to a home across the street, where he died, from the bullet wound he inflicted the night before. Lincoln survived nine hours after his assassination took place making himRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1322 Words   |  6 Pagesaccredited to Abraham Lincoln, but he was not always the complete abolitionist as he is commonly portrayed. 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Lincoln achieved notoriety not only with his exceptional delivery of famous speeches, such as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, but also with the lesser known interactions, conversations and daily activities with common peopleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War835 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to understand the American Civil War, one must know more about the leaders who controlled both sides. As many Americans know, Abraham Lincoln participated in the command of troops on the Northern side of the conflict. On the Southern side, a very influential leader was also present; Nathan Bedford Forrest was a well-known general in the South and was renowned for his brilliant tactics in combat. One is known as the great emancipator of the slaves, the other, as the first leader of the Ku

The Annexation of Texas Caused Problems and Controversy in...

Why did the annexation of Texas cause political, military, economic, cultural, and moral controversy in the United States? Even before the Mexican-American War the United States is already doomed with sectional differences. Different people have different beliefs. As to who is siding with slavery and racial equality. This is such a strong point By needing to fulfill the United States’ Manifest Destiny as the latest justification for white settlers to take the land they coveted; This eventually led to Mexican-American War in 1846-1848. It was the same superiority and desire our first settlers showed when they started seizing lands from our Indian ancestors. Regardless, who owns the lands it had to be acquired at some point. President Polk craved Mexico’s remaining northern provinces. He showed interest to buy the territory, but Mexicans refused to sell it. Tensions rose high when Zachary Taylor refused to retreat and the Mexican cavalry attacked a party of American soldiers, killing and wounding and capturing the rest. Our President had already obtained his cabinet’s approval of a war message. It was just a matter of time and the war begun. It was an American victory and a treaty had been signed and the border was drawn. The United States was simply unstoppable. They had the power to expand and they had done all their might to acquire it. Mr. President was an advanced thinker. As Britain was also snooping on Texas; He had to do what had to be done. Tyler did the annexationShow MoreRelatedMexico s Independence From Spain Becoming A Young Independent Country Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy had been ravaged. Many had died. The social dislocation caused by the wars and all its residual wounds had still to be healed. 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In the long run, all of these acts deepened the split between the NorthRead MoreThe Legacy Of John Caldwell Calhoun1555 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Caldwell Calhoun was born March 18th, 1782 in Abbeville, South Carolina. In the year 1807, John Calhoun received admission to the South Carolina bar and practiced law. The year after, he was elected into the state legislature of South Carolina, where he served for two years leading to his election to the U.S Ho use of Representatives in the year 1810. In 1817, John Calhoun was appointed as Secretary of War by President Monroe, in which during his term, he made substantial changes to the War DepartmentRead MoreThe Expansion Of Slavery During The 19th Century1410 Words   |  6 Pagesemancipation from one northern state to another, making eleven in total. In addition, this gradual emancipation began during the revolution and extended into the 1850’s. The third reason is a concern of southerners about their profits. Because of the exhaustion of soils in tobacco regions left southern farmers questioned on how profitable their ventures could drop. Thus, the focus on rice, hemp, indigo and sugar increased. Despite a number of financial panics that caused prices to plunge in the shortRead MoreThe Sectional Crisis And The Compromise Of 18502305 Words   |  10 Pagesamount of controversy long after their birth, but one element of the compromise perceives to fail in obtaining recognition. The Texas-New Mexico boundary resolution seems to find itself fading away from its relevancy to the civil war, shadowed by more prominent issues regarding the stability of the Union. Abandoning the traditional teaching of the compromise, the Texas-New Mexico border decision figuratively and literally changed the identity of Texas. This was the long awaited result caused by deepRead MoreJohn O Sulliv Manifest Destiny1779 Words   |  8 Pagesthe way. 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Analysis A Look behind the Veil free essay sample

Middle-Eastern and North African clothing culture is distinguished from other cultures by the veil, a clothing that provokes many reactions from authors and debates between the Western and Eastern people. Subject: The main topic of this text is the veil in North African and Middle-Eastern regions. Western people and Middle-Eastern people do not share the same opinion about its use, while the occidental region considers it as a simple cloth, sometimes it is even considered as humiliating, the Middle-Eastern region gives an important value to it due to its religious and historical significance. Many authors from different countries debated about the pros and cons of wearing the veil. Audience: The primary audience is the people who don’t have much knowledge about the Middle Eastern culture. The secondary audience is the radical and extremist Muslims. Purpose: The authors’ purpose is to give an explanation about the â€Å"hijab†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s value in the North African and Middle Eastern culture. The authors list many reasons behind the cause of wearing a veil by giving examples and justifications. The writers have a wide knowledge regarding this topic since they used to live in the Middle East region (in the 21st paragraph: â€Å"In the Iraqi village where we lived from 1956 to 1958 â€Å"). In addition to that, these authors are considered as the pioneers in the Middle Eastern field to inform the Western people about the importance of wearing the veil. Also, they wanted to inform the audience that the veil is not necessarily related to the religion. Design: This text contains both short and long paragraphs in order to make the text more fluent and smooth to read, also, it gives variation in the text. Short paragraphs are used to describe words or concepts while long paragraphs are used to narrate historical events or actual situations. The authors use italic font when they make use of words from different languages, such as ‘hijab’ (Arabic origin) or ‘pueblo’ (a Spanish word, Latin origin). Since the main topic is the veil, many Arabic words are used; hence, definitions of these words are given between brackets (paragraph 5, hijab is defined as a curtain). Finally, there is a picture attached to the text which is helpful to get an image of the veil to the audience. Strategy: This text uses both description and cause effect strategy; the authors describe many words along the text by putting the word’s etymology and the context in which it is used. Also, they describe many historical situations related to the veil, whether it is religious (paragraph 6) or political (paragraph 15). In addition to that, the cause effect is used to explain how historical situations and social contexts evolved along the past decades; this strategy is mainly used to explain how the use of hijab (cause) had a big impact on many countries regarding the social, religious and daily habits of life aspects. Values: In the text â€Å"A Look Behind the Veil†, the author refers to the North Africa and Middle East values. As in any culture, clothing plays an important role; however, a special cloth in the Arab and Phoenician society provoked many reactions in the Western region: the veil. The Western’s region’s attitude is against coexistence and tolerance values when reacting against the veil. Despite the small size of the veil, also called ‘hijab’ in Arabic, its importance is big enough to create many debates about the values it represents. Depending on the mentality and way of seeing things, hijab’s values are different for the different societies. According to some people, the primary value of wearing the veil is the religious value. In Islam, the verse that penalizes the barrier between both genders is the Sura of the â€Å"hijab† (veil in Arabic); it claims the importance of the veil and its utility. On the other side, some historians think that the veil’s most important significance resides in the social value, specifically in the historical context in which the veil divided female’s society between honorable wives and slaves by creating a controversial situation for the respectable households wearing the hijab, making them deprived of freedom and socially higher. Concerning the social context, honor and respect are two significant values that the ‘hijab’ represents. By wearing the hijab, a woman is less likely to be attractive to men and being approached by them, she creates a ‘barrier’ that implements respect between her and another person, by consequent, she preserves her sexual chastity and keeps the family’s honor intact. This is an important detail in the Middle East culture; honor is more a group matter than an individual matter, and in this case, honor’s family is related to women’s sexual abstinence before marriage; in case the honor is lost, it can’t be regained. Another aspect of the veil is the identity value, many women from different countries affirmed they feel that the veil is part of them; it is so important for them that â€Å"many women [†¦] feel self-conscious, vulnerable, and even naked when they first walked on a public street without the veil [†¦] as if they were making a display of themselves† – paragraph 22 Despite all the values that the hijab is representing in different countries of the world, the only value that is demanded is the egalitarianism and justice value, whether a woman is wearing the veil or not, they are â€Å"calling for equal access to divorce, child custody, and inheritance; equal opportunities for education and employment; and abolition of female circumcision,†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ – paragraph 26 Attitude: The authors express different aspects of why veils are undesirable in many western countries. For every aspect of why veils are undesirable, the authors introduce some critical reasons for why putting on veils should be considered as a normal act . Putting on veils is described by the authors as a traditional aspect of the Middle-Eastern area and also as an honor for both the woman and her own family. It appears from the text that the authors partially support the idea of wearing the veil, and instead of considering women feminism as to remove the ‘hijab’, the authors state that putting on the veil shows power for men and wealth and high status for women. Although the writers support putting on the veil partially, at the end they describe it as a complex reality, by other means; many Unreligious or even non-Muslim women are forced to wear veils in some regions. The overall attitude of the authors is considered to be diverse, the authors portray many ideas and provide a deep explanation for each idea . Not only the writers used brief explanations to support each of their claims, but also used historical as evidential support. The writers conclude that they are neither against nor with putting on veils, but they support creating equality between men and women in terms of civil and financial rights. There might be an advantage in this diversity as to show that the author is not biased on one side of the argument, at the same time it shows ambiguity in the authors’ main opinion. Beliefs: According to the authors, the veil itself isn’t just a garment worn because it should be worn in Islam , it symbolizes that the woman wearing it is caring about her Islamic religion and her Middle-Eastern culture, however, it doesn’t mean that any women that is not wearing it isn’t caring about her Islamic or Middle-Eastern origins. The authors’ beliefs are shown when narrating the Muslim prophet’s story with his wives, it states that the veil guards the women’s honor and preserves her beauty for her future husband and family. The authors also quoted an Egyptian anthropologist, Nadia Abu Zahra, in order to reflect their beliefs in another author’s words: â€Å"expresses mens status, power, wealth and manliness. It also helps preserve mens image of virility and masculinity, but men do not admit this; on the contrary they claim that one of the purpose of the veil is to guard womens honor – paragraph 8. â€Å" While Western people consider that the veil is just a piece of cloth worn over the head because it’s a part of traditions or habits that our ancestors used to do, the authors believe that it is a disciplined concept in the Middle-East and in Islam that proves a point and protects the women from any male strangers. Also, occidental people believe that it is just a mans way to be more dominating, however, the authors believe that women in Islam wear the veil because they are convinced that it should be worn for many good reasons, also, the Western people believes that it is a way to identify a women or to make a difference between women and men while the authors believe that Islam is a religion of peace that prevents and forbids any kind of sexism or racism.